The Melik mansion of Khndzoresk

Location

The Khndzoresk village is located in the Syunik Province of the Republic of Armenia, 93 km from the regional center, Kapan, and 13 km from the enlarged community center, Goris. It is situated at an elevation of 1,580 meters above sea level. Within the village's territory lies Old Khndzoresk (Fig. 1), notable for its numerous monuments, including the Melik-Paramazyan Mansion (Figs. 2, 3) located above the Church of Surb Hripsime.

Խնձորեսկ ապարանք J38-21-B-Right-Goris

Fig. 1 Old Khndzoresk, HMA Collection, N 1537/35.

Fig. 3 The Mansion of Melik-Paramazyans, photo by G. Tosunyan.

Fig. 2 St. Hripsime Church and the Melik Mansion, photo from Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/47217496080567686/ (retrieved 07.12.2023).

Historical Overview

Old Khndzoresk was one of the prominent medieval settlements. During the 17th-18th centuries, it served as a fortified site paying tribute to the Tatev Monastery. In the 1720s-30s, the fortress of Khndzoresk became a key stronghold in the movement led by David Bek (Fig. 3).

Little is known about the Melik-Paramazyans and their mansion. The only preserved historical record is the inscription on the lintel of the mansion gate:

"In the name of Melik / Melik Paramaz, son of Melik Kasu, the year 1836"

(CAE 2, 63, Fig. 4). According to A. Ghulyan, the inscription refers to the renovation of the mansion, while its earlier layers are dated to at least the 18th century (Ghulyan 2001, 26).

Fig. 4 Inscription on the mansion gate lintel, HMA Collection, N 1539/145.

An anecdotal story recorded by E. Lalayan, also cited by other researchers, recounts that one Sunday, villagers gathered at the Malik's door to settle disputes. However, Melik Paramaz refused to come out, angrily exclaiming, “My shirt is washed but hasn’t dried yet; why are you troubling me?” (Lalayan 1899, 14). Research suggests that the Melik-Paramazyans were likely, not provincial governors but wealthy village leaders bestowed with the Melik title by the Shah (Ghulyan 2001, 26).

Architectural-compositional examination

The earliest layers of the Melik-Paramazyan Mansion date back to the 18th century. The ruins were relatively well-preserved until the 1930s, but during the relocation of the village, most of the complex was dismantled, and its stones repurposed. The surviving gate and adjacent structures remained intact until the 1960s (Ghulyan 2001, 26, Fig. 5).

According to Lisitsyan, the mansion's older section consisted of three stone-built chambers embedded into the rock face, with arched entrances, spacious double-story halls with small windows, an ornate fireplace, a vaulted reception hall, and a columned arcade stable. These structures were constructed from finely hewn stone with great care and craftsmanship (Lisitsyan 1969, 66). The original structure featured a two-story reception hall with a vaulted ceiling and a gabled roof, an adjacent four-columned arcade, and a rear section embedded into the slope (Ghulyan 2001, 27, Fig. 6).

The four-columned arcade is particularly noteworthy, with a slightly elevated floor, monolithic quadrangular columns with simple bases, and capitals with table-shaped sections (Ghulyan 2001, 27, Fig. 7). Over time, the structure underwent several renovations.

Fig. 5 Ruins of the mansion with annexes, photo by HMA Collection, N 1539/136.

Fig. 7 Four-column arcade, photo by HMA Collection, N 1539/145.

Fig. 6 Reconstruction of the original structure, photo by A. Ghulyan.

Bibliographic examination

Researchers Lisitsyan and Barkhudaryan misread parts of the preserved inscription. They failed to notice the attached segment of the letter "A" in "PARAMAZ," interpreting it as "PARMAZ." Additionally, they omitted the final "IN," and Lisitsyan skipped the term "KASU" entirely (Ghulyan 2001, 26; CAE 2, 63; Lisitsyan 1969, 66).

Condition After the 2020-2022 Azerbaijani Aggression

Following the 44-day Artsakh War and subsequent border changes, Old Khndzoresk, along with the Melik-Paramazyan Mansion, is now located approximately 4.8 km from the border.

Bibliography

  1. CAE 2 - Corpus of Armenian Epigraphy, issue 2, Goris, Sisian and Ghapan regions, compiled by S. Barkhudaryan, Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic , Yerevan, 1960.
  2. Lalayan 1899 - Lalayan E., Zangezur Region, Vol. 2, Tiflis.
  3. Lisitsyan 1969 -Lisitsyan S., The Armenians of Zangezur, Yerevan.
  4. Ghulyan 2001 - Ghulyan, A., Melik Mansions of Artsakh and Syunik, RAA Scientific Studies, Book 4.